Philippine Economy by: Julianne Marie T. Brazil

Unit 8

           For many years now, the need for deepening economic reforms has been a major preoccupation among those who see that our economy has yet to live up to its potential. The potential is there. The ability to push the envelope of economic change toward that potential exists provided that the barriers to investment and to higher productivity are removed.

           We, Filipinos, experience scarcity because our wants and needs are greater than the resources available to satisfy us. Scarcity is the fundamental economic problem of having seemingly unlimited human wants in a world of limited resources. It states that society has insufficient productive resources to fulfill all human wants and needs. There are two bases of economy. A command economy is organized by government officials who also own and direct the factors of production. And the market-based is not organized by any central authority and is determined by the supply and demand of goods and services.

The Modes of Production in the History of Humanity:

Primitive communism-There would be no private property, which is distinguished from personal property. Characterizes Paleolithic and Neolithic Age.
Asiatic Mode- ruled by a class professed by a god.
Ancient Mode- Similar to the Asiatic mode, but differentiated in that the form of property is the direct possession of individual human beings.
Feudalism- The primary form of property is the possession of land in reciprocal contract relations: the possession of human beings as peasants or serfs is dependent upon their being entailed upon the land.
Capitalism- is usually associated with the emergence of modern industrial society.
Socialism- is the post-capitalist economic system that emerges when the accumulation of capital is no longer sustainable due to falling rates of profit in (real) production, and social conflict arising from the contradictions between the level of technology and automation in the economy with the capitalist form of social organization.
Communism- refer to a hypothetical future state of affairs where the good of all is obtained by scientific management (hence the name "scientific socialism") to obtain democratically determined social goals.

          The Philippine politics is based on personalities is the root cause of all evil. But I suppose this is not something that God willed for the Filipino people. We can point to history, culture and tradition as to why the future of our children has been compromised.

The 5 types of political system:
Authoritarianism- the people have no power or representation and it is characterized by absolute or blind obedience to authority.
Monarchy- is a government controlled by a king or queen determined by a predisposed line of sovereignty.
Democracy- is a form of government in which the citizens create and vote for laws directly or indirectly via representatives which can be direct democracy or representative democracy.
Republic- is a form of government or country [1] in which power resides in elected individuals representing the citizen body.
Communism- is a social, political, and economic ideology and movement whose ultimate goal is the establishment of the communist society

          To privatize, or not to privatize, this is a fundamental question facing the Philippines, and many other similarly-situated emerging markets, which face increasingly unaffordable public services after decades of aggressive privatization. Many are beginning to ask whether the state should (once again) play a more central role in providing public welfare, ensuring that market forces are agents of competitive production rather than regulatory manipulation.
Deregulation is the process of removing or reducing state regulations typically in the economic sphere. It is the undoing or repeal of governmental regulation of the economy. For example the Oil Deregulation Law of the Philippines.

          The external debt of the Philippines is the amount owed by the government of the Philippines to foreign creditors. Under Republic Act 6142 of 1970, all external borrowing by the public and the private sector with the exception of commercial bank sector must be approved by the Monetary Board. The Management of External Debts and Investment Accounts Department (MEDIAD) within the BSP screened application for all external borrowings and maintained statistics on the country’s external debt; this then was a limitation on debt service and on total external indebtedness.

         Philippine political system has been tagged to be corrupt and hopeless. Politics is unhealthy and rights are abused. Social justice seems to be a faraway dream. And the observance of the law seems ruthless. The youth is said to be the catalyst of change. It is said that the youth is the hope of changing and bringing an ideal system. But how exactly can the youth change the present system when he is surrounded by a corrupt system? How can he do it when not all can study and get themselves involved in worthy activities? How can he do his advocacies when his freedom are suppressed? How can the youth fight the pain of a corrupt system and maintain his idealism for an ideal system? Response comes out of our knowledge and wisdom whereas reaction just out of our emotions and impulses. Let's stop reacting and start responding.

Philippine Economy- Dy, Angela Jamella Mae U.

Unit 8-  Economic and Political Studies


             Economy refers to the process of production, distribution, and consumption of certain goods and services by individuals in the society. Economic activity involves natural resources, labor and capital. Man  and women, organizations, or government are individuals who can participate in the economy.

           Scarcity is the fundamental economic problem of having seemingly unlimited human wants in a world of limited resources. It states that society has insufficient productive resources to fulfill all human wants and needs.

         Politics refers to exercise of power of governance. The word had its roots in Greeks politikos which means "for citizens".It is always associated with power in administering and organizing a society, group, government, church and etc. An exercise of power is constituted into what is called political system.  Political system  refers to system of power of governance. 

       In the Philippines, two controversial economic approaches to deal with scarcity were launched during the presidency of Fidel V.  Ramos under the banner "Philippine 2000" and whose effects are still felt at the moment: privatization and deregulation. Privatization refers to transfer of overall ownership and  management of companies and enterprises from public to private sectors. Deregulation refers to the removal of government rules and regulations that restrict the operation of market activity. Aside from this, another woe among the Filipinos is the increasing external dept of the country, 

        As ibon points out, Philippines has become a debt-dependent government to Asian Development bank (ADB), World Bank, resulting to increasing taxes of the Filipinos. Ibon even theorizes that "for every P100 in taxes collected P60 will go to deb payment including the principal and interest.

      Economic and political studies can help explore the condition of man and society. They help determine the barriers for social progress in modern or postmodern times. Our country is very dependent to other country although we get benefits from this, it's still not enough to supply the needs of every Filipino and to think that we are overpopulated the government, the citizens must do something about this. Vital component for fiscal consolidation is migration and remittances which can benefit our economy through foreign exchange. The citizens of the Philippines are suffering sue to the scarcity of food, unemployment, uneducated, poverty and all the worse scenarios you can think of is happening here in the  Philippines. Corruption is rising the occasion. We must stop it to have a brighter future and to raise our Philippine economy.

UNIT 9: 

PHILIPPINE DEMOGRAPHY

By: Karl Jerick Lim

     BSOT-1B

          Demography is the statistical study of human being, employment, poverty, literacy, family planning and leading causes of death. Demographers seeks to understand population dynamics by investigating.

           

          Comparing Philippine population from different years the number of people averaged to 56,980,000 million in 1960 and in 2013, reaching an all-time high of 98,390,000 million people. Changing the 250% during 55 years. Population estimates are usually produced by a country’s statistical office or Census Bureua. The Population Bureau provides the most reliable picture of the country’s population. 

            One impact of population increase is on employment rate. Among the occupation groups includes: laborers and unskilled workers comprises the largest proportion of the total employed population, following by the farmers, the forestry and the fisherman with the total employed population. Employed people are classified as either full-time workers or part-time workers. Full-time workers are those who work for 40 hours or more while part-time workers work for less than 40 hours. Employed people who express the desire to have additional hours for work in their present job or to have additional job, or to have a new job with longer working hours are considered underemployment. The largest proportion of the underemployment were working in the agricultural sector and service sector. One-third of the unemployment were in high school graduates, more than one-fifth were the college graduates, while about one-fifth were college graduates. 

            

            Another component of population increase that must be looked into this is the high poverty incidence. Poverty Incidences for fisherman, farmers, children, self-employed, and unpaid family workers are higher than the poverty incidence among population in the Philippines at 26.5% in 2009. Population increase and poverty  are deemed inseparable in the country like the Philippines. Among the basic sectors, children, women, and individuals residing in urban areas accounted for the largest number of poor population in the country. A functionally literate person is one who can read, write, compute and comprehend. person who completed high school or a higher level of education are also considered functionally literate. Functional literacy rate is higher among persons with higher level of education. Among those who had reached but did not finish high school. By computation, Percent of those with some elementary education were functional literate, while only 5% among those with no formal education were functionally literate.

          

                   Family Planning is another step to address population increase in the country. The 2011 Family Health Survey (FHS) results reveal that the unmet need for family planning among married women in the Philippines remains high at 19.3%, 10.5% for the birth spacing and 8.8% for limiting birth. Unmet need for family planning refers to the proportion of currently married women who are not using any method of family planning but do not want any more children or prefer to space births. Total number need of family planning is substantially greater among women considered poor compared to non-poor women. Unmet need also decrease with increase education. Among women who had attained high school or high level of education, unmet need for spacing births is higher that for limiting birth. To met the need for family planning or to proportion of married women using a family method. Family planning techniques includes natural family planning, such as calendar, thermometer, withdrawal; artifacts ones, such as condoms, IUD, pill or contraceptive, surgical methods. Unplanned pregnancies inevitably results to dramatic rise of population. One in 3 birth in the Philippines is either unwanted or mistimed. Unplanned pregnancies are more likely to occur among younger women than older women. Among women age 15 - 19, 31% of births were unplanned, of which, inly 21% were unwanted. These findings are based on the responses of women age 15 - 49 years to the question as to whether each of their births the 5 years preceding the survey was wanted at the time of birth, mistimed or wanted but a later time, or wanted at all. Due to advancement of medicine, morality rate is declining. For, every 1,000 live births, 34 die before reaching the age of 5 years, according to the 2008 NDHS.

                  The 3 main causes of detain the Philippines are: first, Heart diseases; second, Cerebrovascular diseases; and third, Malignant neoplasm or Cancer.

Migration of Filipinos By: Samantha Dyle Ayo

            

     Are you going to be one of the migrating Filipinos? Do you want to work abroad? If yes, why? For many years the Philippines has figured among the top countries of origin in the traditional immigration countries. In 2010, it was the top origin country of annual inflows to Canada, and soon the Filipino community will be the single largest group in Australia. Considering data from 2011 (57,011 to the United States, 34,991 to Canada and 12,933 to Australia), the outflow was substantially higher than in the early 2000s. The potential of the Philippine diaspora for international relations and economic development has not been fully analysed and maximized. Marriage migration is an important component of this outflow and is a significant component of the Filipino community in Japan, Republic of Korea and Taiwan Province of China.


               Labour migration from the Philippines has constantly grown in the past 40 years and has more than doubled in the past ten years with 2012 believed to be the peak year surpassing the deployment figure of 1,850,463 in 2011. An interesting characteristic is the increasing proportion of the rehires among land based workers which is 63 per cent of total land based deployment of 1,384,094 in 2011. As annual emigration for employment continues to rise, so has the base number of rehires. This indicates that the temporary migration of OFWs is gaining some stability—a case of temporary migration becoming more or less permanent—and the overseas employment experience is becoming longer. Consequently, the rate of permanent return is slow, probably because of limited wage-competitive opportunities in the Philippines.Why would they come back here when their salary is not enough to sustain the needs of the family?

                 In my Opinion, while the employment objective is the most prominent reason for migration abroad, not all Filipino migrants go abroad because of it. The acquisition of skills, pursuit of a career and the opportunity to reunite with families abroad, experience other cultures, encounter other people and societies, and live a more developed standard of living are among other reasons that motivate some of them to leave the country. Migration is often motivated by family reasons and the family is the most direct beneficiary of the gains of the migration project. The reason’s stated are mostly true, Filipinos go abroad to get a better job and salary because our country that give that to them. My dad is a licensed nurse but his job right now isn’t as a nurse but as a sailor. He never got to practice and work in a hospital because during his time, when he graduated from college he couldn’t find a nursing job because the rate of employment in our country and the minimum wage is just not enough to sustain our family so he decided to become a sailor instead.
            
       But on the other hand, the  impact on the economy of the migration of Filipinos has it’s advantage and disadvantage. One of the advantages is that households with a family member working abroad contributed to rise in the family’s income/expenditure .According to statistics, that in the previous ten years, overseas employment had taken out of poverty between 525,000 and 850,000 families. This is a good thing because if our country has a lot of family in poverty then our government would face many problems and that includes of them trying their best to solve the poverty issue in the Philippines. The money made by our fellow Filipinos have been a great help to our economy because the money coming in- by sending their family money is helping us progress. Unemployment is reduced and young migrants enhance their life prospects. Returning migrants bring savings, skills and international contacts. Lastly, its advantage.  Economic disadvantage is through the loss of young workers, loss of highly trained people, especially health workers. We need professionals to help us and attend our daily needs. Lastly, Social problems for children left behind or growing up without a wider family circle

      Migration brings social and cultural pressures that need to be taken into account in planning for future services.Migration also has the potential for bringing peoples together culturally but friction occurs if efforts are not made to dispel the myths held by local people. It is also essential to provide good information about the local way of life to newcomers and ensure opportunities for people to mix and integrate. Where the economic preconditions exist, migration is inevitable. When people try to prevent immigration it just goes underground. Do you still want to become an overseas Filipino worker? Where do you want to work after graduating? Do you want to contribute something in our economy by working here in the Philippines? Are you going to reject the great opportunities abroad and miss a high wage there because you want to serve our country? Philippines need to raise their wage because if they wont, almost all our professionals will look for better opportunities because our country couldnt give them a brighter future.

Philippine Demography by Harly B. Tagab

The Philippines population from 1960 until 2010, Philippine population averaged 56.9800, reaching an all- time high of 94.6000 million in December of 2010. The total population in the Philippines was last reported at 94.6 million people in 2010 from 27.1 million in 1960, changing 250 percent during the last 50 years. Having the 1.37 % of the world's population. Saying one in every 73 people in the planet lives in the Philippines. That's a lot. The Census version says that in 2010 our country's population increased by 15.83 million as of May of 2010. The percentage from 2009 to 2010 went from 0.6 to 3.8. Not even the highest in October it became 4.5. Meaning we're over populated. Which causes problems. Problems Over populated meaning jobs. Not everyone will be able to work and have a living. That's only one of the problem. Among the population 32.4% are unskilled workers followed by farmers, forestry and fishermen which is 16.2%. Also even though you have a job most of the is less than 40 hours. A full time job is considered to be 40 hours. But in the Philippines only 63.8 work for 40 hours. 35% work part time. Underemployed 43.3% High school graduates 33.3% College Undergraduates 22.9% College graduates 19.4% In education 58 our of 67 millions of Filipinos age 10 to 64 are functionally literate. Big problem in our society. We need to be educated to be able to survive specially in the Philippines. Only 51% of a family are planning to have kids. The other percentage are unplanned. Among women age 15 to 19 31% of births are unplanned. 21% are even unwanted. This is just crazy. What is our country doing? Young woman getting pregnant at age 15 are you kidding me? What is our generation of parents teaching these kids? The result of this is 35% infants deaths in every 1000. Even in my experience in Velez College students finding a fetus in a school restroom. What are we doing? Whoever that was. What are you thinking? You not wanting the baby so you just force it out and leave it at a school restroom? Have you no shame? My conclusion is that we need to get our people's our country men and women to be smart. By electing the right people to run and help our country the right way. Even though is gonna be hard because of how poor our country men and women. Meaning they can be bought out for just money to feed their families. Still at least to be smart enough from wrong and right. My only solution is to get as many young men and women meaning kids to go school and be educated so they can have a better future for their families and generations after them.

POLITICAL ECONOMY by Cheyenne Chelsea D. Empuerto BSOT1B

         "Globalization has produced a new level of interdependence among us. The economy and multinational supply chains do not abide by political boundaries". Economy comes from the greek word "oikonomos" which means household management, refers to the productions distribution or trade, and consumption of limited goods by the individuals in the society and services by different agents in a geographical location.

Three basic steps that involves economic activity:

1. Natural Resources
2. Labor
3. Capital  

          In our economy, as individuals of the society, we experience a common problem involving humanity across history which is scarcity. Scarcity refers to the state of being scarce or having a very small or limited supply causing for organizations, nations and certain humans to lead to problems that are needed or in dire to be solved, due responses. There are 2 bases of the economy, the first one is the market based which refers to an economy in which decisions regarding investment, production, and distribution are based on supply and demand while the second one is then command base that refers to production and distribution of goods and services wherein men and women have the control and imposition. The most popular doctrines are hold by the most popular sociologist who imposed materialism, Karl Marx.

Evolving modes of production in the history of humanity:

1. Primitive Communism - production is not permanent and characterizes Paleolithic and Neolithic Age
2. Asiatic Mode - ruled by Gods using violence existing in some parts of Asia
3. Ancient Mode - ruled by a class professed to have secular principle of dominion
4. Feudalism - primary from of property is the possession of land
5. Capitalism - a way of organizing an economy so that the things that are used to make and transport products are owned by individual people and companies rather than by the government
6. Socialism - a way of organizing a society in which major industries are owned and controlled by the government ratger than by individual people amd companies
7. Communism - which the government owns the things that are used to make and transport products, not privately owned property

          Politics comes from the greek word "politikos" which means for citizens, exercise of power of governance. It is always associated with power in administering & organizing an society. Constitutedby members of the society, by lawsand policies in the management , administration and mechanism for maintaining order in & ot the organization refers to what we call political system.

5 types of political system:

1. Authoritarianism- a basis for legitimacy based on emotion
2. Monarchy- sovereignty is actually and nominally embodied in one/ several individual(s)
3. Democracy- people of the state are involved in making decisions about affairs

          A) Direct- in which people decide policy initiatives directly
          B) Representative- founded on the principle of elected officials representing a group of people 4. Republic- country that is both a republc and democracy
5. Communism- social, political and economic idealogy and movement whose ultimate goal is the establishment of the communist society.

          "Vote to stand tall against terrorists, receieve social security privatization. Vote to strike a blow against etilism, recieve social order in which wealth is more concentrated than ever before in our lifetimes, in which workers have been stripped of power and CEOs are rewarded in a manner beyond imagining." Privatization is premisedon the idea on better performanceand increase efficiency of services to consumers, an area that is not complied by the government. Deregulation refers to the removal of governments rules and regulations that restrict the operation of market activity. Philippne external debt is the amount owned by the government of the Philippines to foreign creditors. The Philippine does not only borrow from financial institutions but also from foreign countries with high supply of money like US, Japan, United Kingdom, France and Germany. A fundamental question that confronts succeeding political leaders is how much of the foreign debt incurred by Marcos dictatorship was ellegitimate and therefore not the obligation of the Filipino people to pay. Tax revenues are also a subject of many criticisms because of varying issues of tax collections. Because of the tax measures that were passed by Corazon Aquino administration, in 2006 alone in the Philippines was able to repay its total outstanding debt obligations to IMF but our country still faces budget deficit due to corrupt government officials. The Philippines being debt dependent to the world bank etc, results for our own taxes to increase.

          Our basic needs as individual of the community to be able to survive have rapidly increased since 1990s. These price increases are attributed to what are called Asian economic debacle, rising prices of global market, increasing taxes, economic bubble, inflation and etc. Another vital component for fiscal consolidation is migration and remmitances which can also benefit and serves as advantage to the countrys source of foreign exchange. Our country is only dependent to internattional institutions and the to our fellow Filipino migrants, not our own, but despite this, us being so dependent to them, we still experience a massive poverty and very low unemployment rate of people leading to some informal settlers and hunger. Migration is an alibi for economic and political inefficiency of the Philippines. Higher remmitances are not even supported by economic overhaul of the country that would guarantee higher employment, adequate social services, increase wages of workers and develop agriculture.

         The Filipinos are suffering from great scarcity of food, poverty, hunger, unemployment, robbery etc due to the countrys economic status and the root cause of this is clearly corruption. We are supposed to be the ones controlling the society instead of being the ones being controlled. Economic and political studies help explore the condition of man and the society, crises in the Philippine economy demands for a response from Social Scientists. We must also find little ways as a member of the society on how we could improve our economy instead of being blinded.

 

Position Paper about Philippine Demography by Irvin Nolasco

From 1960 until 2010, Philippine population averaged 56.9800, reaching an all-

time high of 94.6000 million in December of 2010. The total population in the 

Philippines was last reported at 94.6 million people in 2010 from 27.1 million in 1960, changing 250 percent during the last 50 years. According to the Commission on Population, the population could reach 170 million if the growth rate of 2.36 percent would not change. The current population of 82 million will have an addition of 1.6 to 2.0 million Filipinos in less than 30 years . The fertility rate of people living in rural areas is higher compared to the ones living in urban areas. 
The Philippines today has changed ever since. The word that best describes Philippines today is "overpopulated". From the lengthy traffic to the unemployed people, that's what it is today. It is all because of our population. As of May 2010 the total population of the Philippines is 93,337,582 based on the 2010 Census of Population and Housing. The 2010 population is higher by 15.83 million compared to the 200 population.
One impact of population increase is on employment rate. Employed persons are classified as: full-time workers or part-time workers. Full-time workers are those who work for 40 hours or more while part-time workers work for less than 40 hours. Employed persons who express the desire to have additional hours of work in their present job are considered underemployed. The number of underemployed persons in October 2010 was estimated at 7.1 million, placing the current underemployment rate at 19.6 percent
The most common cause why we are populated is because of the unplanned pregnancies. Among women age 15-19, 31 percent of births were unplanned, only 21 percent were unwanted. That's why Family Planning is important especially to the poor women. In line to this, there are numerous suggested family planning techniques like natural family planning such as calendar, thermometer, withdrawal and artificial family planning such as condom, IUD, pill or contraception, and surgical methods.
For me, population is best curbed by natural family planning. Because it is way more safer than artificial. And also, it won't cost you so much money because it is done naturally. That's why there are many reported deaths today because they are in favor of artificial rather than natural. 
At the end of the day it is all based from our decisions. If we think that it might be good then go for it, if not then stop it. Think twice.